You may have noticed some Christmas themed articles. I hope to carry one a day (or more), as there is a lot of great stuff to discuss in the scriptures and history. This article provides great detail and background to the story of the Magi. Good stuff.
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| The Adoration of the Magi by Albrecht Durer |
IN his book
The "Lost" Ten Tribes of lsrael.. Found!,
Steven Collins presents an interesting though unusual view of the Magi and their
place in the history of the time of our Lord Jesus Christ. The following
excerpts are from this book.
[The Jewish Historian] Josephus
acknowledges that Jesus Christ fulfilled the many prophecies of the Hebrew
prophets about the Messiah, and even refers to His resurrection as an historical
fact. Josephus' reference to Jesus as "the Christ" acknowledges that
Jesus was the Messiah ("the anointed"). Since a non-Christian source so
close to the actual time of Christ has confirmed these facts of His life, the
musings of modern sceptics questioning Christ's existence are without merit...
Roman secular sources also agree with
Josephus. Celsus, an anti-Christian writer of the Roman Empire in the second
century A.D. wrote: "It was by magic that he [Jesus] was able to do the
miracles which he appeared to have done." In this statement, an antagonist
of Christianity grudgingly acknowledges the reality of Christ's
"miracles."
However, Quadratus, writing in
approximately A.D.117-134 urged people to believe in Jesus because the effect of
His miracles continued up to the present. People had been cured and raised from
the dead, and 'some of them... have survived even to our own day.'
Tacitus, the famous Roman historian, writing about the Christians several
decades after the death of Christ, stated: "their originator, Christ, had
been executed in Tiberius' reign by the governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate. "
Clearly, Roman records confirm that Jesus
Christ lived, and that He was executed in Judea during the administration of
Pontius Pilate... Whatever one thinks about Jesus Christ, we begin with the fact
that He indeed lived and died when the Bible states that He lived and died, that
He performed marvellous deeds, and that He made a major impression on the
civilization of His day.
Let us now review the historical setting
into which Jesus Christ was born. The Roman and Parthian Empires were both
powerful, well-established "superpower" rivals at that time. Rome ruled
the Mediterranean region, and Parthia ruled Asian lands from modern Syria to
India. Palestine was located within the Roman Empire, but was close to the
Parthian border - the Euphrates River.
In
the decades previous to the birth of Jesus, Rome and Parthia fought several
battles with one being fought near Antioch of Syria - very close to Palestine.
In about 40 B.C., the Parthians launched a major assault which swept the Romans
out of Asia for a short time. For three years, 40-37 B.C. Palestine was within
the Parthian Empire and was ruled by a Jewish vassal king of the Parthians named
Antigonus. At that time King Herod (the Roman king of Judea) fled from the
Parthians in fear of his life. While the Parthian-sponsored rule of Antigonus
was brief it was, apparently, popular with the Jews.
When the Parthians withdrew across the
Euphrates, Antigonus, with Jewish support attempted to maintain himself as king
of the Jews, but was defeated by Herod. Mark Antony ordered that Antigonus be
beheaded, and Josephus records that this was done to compel the Jews to
re-accept the hated Herod as their king. Mark Antony then led a massive invasion
of Parthia in 37-36 B.C., but his army was utterly defeated by the Parthians ...
Parthian rule over Palestine was vividly remembered by many in Jewish society as
being preferable to Roman rule.
Mark Antony's defeat led to a long period
of detente between the two vast empires, with the Euphrates River serving as the
border between them. This prolonged period of peaceful relations lasted from 36
B.C.until A.D.58, including not only all of Jesus Christ's life, but also the
early period of the Apostolic church as well.
Rawlinson records that it was an
established Roman policy not to provoke a Parthian war during that period of
time, so long as both empires agreed to coexist on separate banks of the
Euphrates River. Rawlinson comments on this peaceful interlude as follows:
'It is a well-known fact that Augustus left it as a principle of policy to
his successors that the Roman Empire had reached its proper limits, and could
not with advantage be extended further. This principle, followed with the utmost
strictness by Tiberius, was accepted as a rule by all the earlier Caesars... '
Obviously, as long as the Caesars wanted
peace with Parthia, Roman officials along Parthia's border, such as King Herod
and Pontius Pilate, knew they would risk their positions and lives if they
entangled Rome in an unwanted war with Parthia. Without this period of
Parthian-Roman detente, it would have been well-nigh impossible for some of the
events of Jesus ... Christ's life to have occurred ... The first such event was
the coming of the Magi, or "Wise Men" to pay Him homage (ref. Matthew
2:1-12).
The Magi were powerful members of one of
the two assemblies which elected Parthian monarchs and wielded great influence
within the empire. One assembly was composed of members of the royal family
(the Arsacids), and the other consisted of the priests (the Magi)
and influential Parthians of non-royal blood (the Wise Men). The Magi and
Wise Men were jointly known as the Megistanes.The Greek word translated "wise
men" is "magian," literally meaning "Persian astronomer or
priest." Parthia had long governed all Persian territory at the time of
Christ, and the Wise Men cited in the Bible were clearly members of the
Megistanes - very high Parthian officials.
While traditional Christian accounts of
this episode celebrate the coming of "the three wise men", the Bible does
not limit the number of visiting Magi/Wise Men to three. Indeed, Biblical events
and the realities of that time argue for a much larger contingent of Parthian
Magi.
Since we saw in previous chapters that the
Parthians were descended from the Ten Tribes of Israel and that their priests
were likely descended from the tribe of Levi this delegation of Magi consisted
of leading members of the [lost] Ten Tribes of Israel. Since there were numerous
members of the tribe of Judah in Parthia's empire, they may have been
represented as well. Consequently, the delegation of Magi could easily have
consisted of at least ten or twelve men representing the various tribes of
Israel.
The Bible shows that the Magi did not visit
the young Jesus in the manger at Bethlehem, as most nativity scenes depict, but
visited Jesus in a house somewhat after His birth. Matthew 2.11 states that this
visit of the Magi took place in a house when Jesus was old enough to be called
'a young child' - no longer an infant in
swaddling clothes. Luke 2:8-40 mentions the shepherds' arrival at the manger,
but makes no mention of any Magi visiting Christ at that time.
Matthew 2:8 adds that Herod sent the Magi
'to Bethlehem' after conferring with the
Jewish hierarchy about the prophesied location of the Messiah's birth ... Herod
then privately met with the Parthian delegation, and enquired when "the star" which they followed had first appeared. He
apparently learned that this period of time was almost two years because he
killed all the male children in Bethlehem under two years of age in an attempt
to kill the Messiah, whom he regarded as a competitor for his position as king
of the Jews.
Since the Wise Men were prominent people in
Parthia at the time of the arrival of "the
star", they had to make a time-consuming journey It took time to
prepare the costly gifts to present to the Messiah, set their affairs in order
for a long absence, organise a caravan and likely obtain an armed escort for
protection, then make the lengthy journey to Judea, a journey which moved at the
speed of the slowest pack animal in the caravan. Since the "star" may have appeared to the Wise Men prior to
Jesus' birth He may have been a few months or even two years old at the time of
the Magi's arrival in Judea. Consider also that Matthew 2:1.3 states:
"Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.
When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. "
This account does not indicate that three
wise men from the east quietly visited Herod, then Jesus, and then just as
quietly left Judea to return to Parthia. Their arrival in Jerusalem was a very
public affair because "all Jerusalem" was
"troubled" by their arrival.
This suggests that the Magi came to
Jerusalem in a caravan with costly treasures and escorted by a strong force of
armed Parthian soldiers!... These high officials would have travelled with a
large entourage of servants, animal-handlers, cooks, etc., on such a long
journey... There may have been thousands of Parthian soldiers escorting the
caravan. This is not an overstatement. Josephus records that treasure caravans
bringing expensive offerings to Jerusalem from Jews living in Parthian territory
did so with "as many as ten thousand men" as escorts. In ancient times,
travelling with expensive items was dangerous. There was danger not only from
brigands, but also from local satraps who might use their armies to conquer a
treasure train passing through their territories ...
The Wise Men were not bringing just a few
samples of gold and other precious things that they carried in their personal
saddle bags. They were coming to worship a King.The caravan was so big that
their arrival quickly became a "cause celebre" in Jerusalem. The whole
city was in an uproar over their arrival, and that argues for a very visible and
impressive Parthian caravan arriving in Jerusalern not long after Jesus' birth
in Bethlehem. The sheer size of the caravan and its escorts awed King Herod and
the whole city to the point they were all "troubled"... It is clear that the Jewish hierarchy
understood that the Parthians were looking for the Messiah as they quickly
looked for Messianic prophecies to locate the city of His birth.
After their consultations with Herod and
Jewish officials, the Parthian delegation travelled to worship Jesus and present
their gifts to Him. [After this both the Magi and Joseph were warned by God in
dreams to leave Judea secretly and quickly, to avoid Herod's jealous reaction.]
...
History records that Roman-Parthian
relations were peaceful at the time that Jesus was born, and the Bible confirms
this as the Parthian Magi did not sneak into Roman territory to look for the
Messiah, but rather came directly to King Herod, quite open about their reasons
for being in Roman-occupied Palestine. They informed Herod they had come to
worship Him "that is born king of the Jews"...
There is no record that Herod made any attempt to overtake or punish the Magi
when they left. As Parthian nobles, they had "diplomatic immunity" and
Herod dared not anger Caesar by provoking the Parthians" [and thus create an
incident] ...
The fact that some of the Parthian ruling
classes were worshippers of the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is most
revealing. That God Himself sent a "star" to
lead them to Jesus, and gave instructions to the Magi via dreams, is further
revealing. God obviously considered these Parthians to be "righteous" men
under the terms of His laws or He would not have been dealing with them so
personally. That educated Parthians were ready to visit and worship the Messiah
at the time of Christ's birth indicates they were also familiar with the
prophecies of the Old Testament. Who but transplanted Israelites would have been
looking for the Messiah at that time? ...
In
an earlier chapter it was shown that the Magi were loyal to one dynasty-
Arsacids- whose members continuously ruled Parthia. It was shown that
many rulers of Parthian (Saka) kingdoms had names incorporating the word
"Phares" or the consonants of the Hebrew root
word for that name (PH-R-S).This suggests that
the Arsacids were descended from the seed of David, who was the first king of
the Phares [Judah] family (Matthew 1:2-6). 1 Chronicles 3:17-24 reveals that the
royal lineage continued to flourish after Judah's captivity. Indeed this dynasty
was given high status in the Babylonian Empire (2 Kings25: 27-30).This
post-exilic elevation of the Davidic dynasty inAsia likely led to their serving
as vassal kings over captive Israelites under Babylonian and Persian masters ...
With the Parthians being Israelites, and
the Arsacids being descended from King David, the Arsacids were the only dynasty
in Asia that was racially, historically and culturally related to the Parthian
people. Since Matthew 1:3-17 tells us that Jesus Christ was also a descendant of
Phares and King David, Jesus was a blood relative of the Parthian ruling dynasty
which ... serves as a further explanation for the homage paid to Him by the
Parthian Magi ...
We
will now examine the possibility that the visit of influential Parthilans to the
young Jesus Christ almost led to a Parthian-Roman war. Recall that from 40-37
BC, Parthia had ruled Palestine and Syria before the Romans drove them back
across the Euphrates River. That war ushered in a long period of Parthian-Roman
detente which included the entire lifetime of Jesus Christ. However, a great
Parthian-Roman war was barely averted in A.D.1, when a "summit
conference" was held between the Parthian emperor, Phraataces, and Caius
Caesar, the grandson of Augustus Caesar on an island in the Euphrates River
(i.e. neutral territory). Roman sources record that:
"The armies of the two chiefs were drawn up on the opposite banks of the river, facing one another; and the chiefs themselves, accompanied by an equal number of attendants, proceeded to deliberate in the sight of both hosts."
This "summit conference" averted
war, but how could the Magi's visit have had a role in this crisis? ... Herod
was justifiably fearful of Parthian intentions in the area. Hadn't they come to
anoint a replacement for him as "king of the
Jews"? Hadn't they also deceived him by leaving the area without his
knowledge or permission? Herod's murderous act in Bethlehem would also have
inflamed Jewish opinion, and rumours of revolt against the hated Romans would
have intensified.. .
In
2 B.C. Rome and Parthia were facing a possible conflict in Armenia over
succession to the throne of Armenia. In both Armenia and Judea, the issue was
whether Rome or Parthia would choose the kings of those nations. While Parthia
had not forced the crisis in Armenia, Parthia's actions in Judea - the visit of
the Magi - were provocative. Rome's response was to send a large army "to the
east" to prepare for a possible Parthian-Roman war.
Rawlinson records that the Roman army
arrived in 1 B.C., delayed by the retirement of Augustus Caesar's preferred
commander, and that the situation was further muddled by the death of Phraates
IV, Parthia's emperor during the visit of the Magi to Jerusalem. Herod the Great
had also died by the time Roman reinforcements arrived, so all the major
principals had a fresh viewpoint by the time Rome and Parthia had their
"summit conference" in the Euphrates River ...
Although the historical accounts mention
only the Armenian dispute, it is worth noting that the Parthian and Roman armies
did not confront each other in the mountains of Armenia but along the Euphrates
River - the invasion route to Syria and Palestine. Since the Roman army arrived
in 1 B.C., and the Roman-Parthian peace conference did not defuse the situation
until A.D.1, there was a two-year period of "war fever" in the Middle
East. Everyone in the region breathed a huge sigh of relief when war was
averted... If a war had been fought much of Jesus Christ's ministry in Judea
[and the early spread of the Gospel] could not have occurred.
Read more about this and other topics at - http://www.ensignmessage.com/archives/moreaboutmagi.html
